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| Richard D. Semba, Newton Kumwenda, Taha E.
Taha, Laban Mtimavalye, Robin Broadhead, Paolo G. Miotti, Ward
Eisinger, Donald Hoover and John D. Chiphangwi Plasma and Breast Milk Vitamin A as Indicators of Vitamin A Status in Pregnant Women |
Zusammenfassung Summary |
| Brian J. Nonnecke, Ronald L. Horst, Dana C.
Hammell and Sharon T. Franklin Effects of Supplemental Vitamin A on Retinoic Acid Concentrations in the Plasma of Preruminant Calves |
Zusammenfassung Summary |
| Kazutoshi Nakamura, Mitsue Nashimoto, Yasushi
Hori and Masaharu Yamamoto Serum Parathyroid Hormone in Healthy Japanese Women in Relation to Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D |
Zusammenfassung Summary |
| Jeff S. Coombes, Scott K. Powers,
Haydar A. Demirel, Karyn L. Hamilton, James Jessup, Heather K.
Vincent and R. Andrew Shanely Vitamin E Deficiency Fails to Affect Myocardial Performance During In Vivo Ischemia-Reperfusion |
Zusammenfassung Summary |
| Yoshiyuki Seyama, Shinzi Kimoto, Yasuhiro
Marukawa, Masako Horiuchi, Mikio Hayashi and Eiji Usami Comparative Effects of Vitamin K2 and Estradiol on Experimental Arteriosclerosis with Diabetes Mellitus |
Zusammenfassung Summary |
| Isa A. Zanker, Harald M. Hammon and Jürg
W. Blum b-Carotene, Retinol and (a-Tocopherol Status in Calves Fed the First Colostrum at 0-2, 6-71 12-13 or 24-25 Hours after Birth |
Zusammenfassung Summary |
| Joachim Geyer, Michael Netzel, Irmgard Bitsch,
Thomas Frank, Roland Bitsch, Klaus Krämer and Peter P. Hoppe Bioavailability of Water- and Lipid-Soluble Thiamin Compounds in Broiler Chickens |
Zusammenfassung Summary |
| Herman Baker, Steven Hockstein, Barbara DeAngelis
and Bart K. Holland Thiamin Status of Gravidas Treated for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Compared to Their Neonates at Parturition |
Zusammenfassung Summary |
| Sandra Soares Melo, Mônica S. Meirelles,
Alceu Afonso Jordão Jr and Helio Vannucchi Lipid Peroxidation in Nicotinamide-Deficient and Nicotinamide-Supplemented Rats |
Zusammenfassung Summary |
Zusammenfassungen / Summaries
Summary
Breast milk vitamin A is not well characterized as an indicator of vitamin A status in women with infections. A controlled trial of vitaniin A, 3 mg retinol equivalent/day, was conducted among 697 pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Malawi which allowed comparison of plasma versus breast milk vitamin A as indicators of vitamin A status. Retinol concentrations were measured in plasma at baseline (18-28 weeks) and 38 weeks gestation and breast milk at 6 weeks post-partum. Plasam a1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured at baseline. Plasma retinol (geometric mean, SD) at 38 weeks was 0.72 (0.44, 1.18) and 0.61 (0,38, 0.98) mmol/L (P < 0.0002) and breast milk retinol was 1.32 (0.71, 2.43) and 0.95 (0.49, 1.82) mmol/L (P < 0.0001) in vitamin A and placebo groups, respectively. Women with elevated acute phase protein (AGP > 1 gm/L and/or CRP > 5 mg/L) at baseline who received vitamin A had significantly higher plasma and breast milk vitamin A at follow-up compared with placebo, Elevated acute phase proteins did not distinguish women with low body stores of vitamin A. Breast rnilk retinol appears to be a better indicator of vitamin A status than plasma retinol in women with infections.
Key words
Africa, human immunodeficiency virus infection, rnilk, pregnancy, retinol, vitamin A
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research,
Band 70, 2000, Heft 6, © Verlag Hans Huber AG, Bern
Summary
Neonatal calves are fed frequentli milk replacers with vitamin
A concentrations exceeding those recommended by the National Research
Council. The vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), affects
profoundly cellular differentiation and homeostasis. For this
reason, effects of dietary vitamin A on plasma concentrations
of RA isomers in milk replaxer-fed calves were examined.
Male, Holstein calves (n = 24) were fed colostrum within 12 hours
after birth and, thereafter, a custom-formulated low vitamin A
milk replacer providing 0, 1700 [National Research Council (NRC)
daily requirement for young growing calves] (controls), 34000
(industry standard in the United States) or 68000 IU of vitamin
A daily. Concentrations of retinol an RA isomers in plasma samples
collected from birth to 27 days of age were determined by HPLC.
Retinol was affected by dietary vitamin A with higher concentrations
occurring in calves supplemented with > 34000 IU of vitamin
A/day than in control (1700 IU of vitamin daily) and unsupplemented
calves. Relative to controls, concentrations of all isomers of
RA were higher in calves supplemented with >34000 of vitamin
A daily during the experimental period. The predominant isomer
in all calves was 9,13-dicis-RA. In control calves, 9,13-dicis-RA
and 9-cis-RA were maximal at 1 to 6 days of age and then decreased
progressively. In calves fed > 34000 IU of vitamin A daily,
concentrations of these isomers were markedly higher at 6 days
of age, relative to controls, and remained elevated for the duration
of the study. In all calves, retinol was correlated positively
with 9,13-dicis- and 9-cis-RA from 9 to 27 day of age. 9,13-cis-Retinoic
acid was correlated positively with 9-cis- and 13-cis-RA from
13 to 27 days of age.
It is concluded that supplementing milk replacer-fed calves with
vitamin A at levels exceeding current NRC recommendations by >
20-fold causes an elevation in plasma concentrations of retinol
and retinoic acids. 9,13-dicis- and 9-cis-Retinoic acids were
most affected by supplemental vitamin A. Physiologic consequences
of increased plasma RA concentrations induced by high dietary
levels of vitamin A warrant investigation.
Key words
Vitamin A, retinol, retinoic acid, preruminant, milk replacer fed calf
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research,
Band 70, 2000, Heft 6, © Verlag Hans Huber AG, Bern
Summary
The aim of this work was to clarify levels of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) in healthy adult women and to study the relationship between PTH and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. One hundred sixty-nine healthy women aged 40 years or older in a community were studied. The average age of the subjects was 65.3 years (SD 8.2). All subjects had normal serum creatinine levels. Serum intact PTH and 25(OH)D were measured in these subjects. The mean intact PTH concentration was 2.19 pmol/A (SD 1.02). High intact PTH levels above the reference range were observed in four women (2.4%), all of whom were aged 70 years or older. Intact PTH increased with age with a correlation coefficient of 0.192 (p = 0.013). However, there was no correlation (r = -0.125, p =0.105) between intact PTH and 25(OH)D whose concentrations were more than 37.5 nmol/l. In conclusion, PTH levels of healthy adult Japanese women are lower than previous reports from Western countries, which may be due to the high 25(OH)D levels of the present subjects and/or an ethnic difference. In addition, there is no association between serum 25(OH)D and PTH levels in this Japanese population, supporting a cutoff level of 25(OH)D less than 37.5 nmol/l for the elevated PTH level.
Key words
Parathyroid hormone, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, female, Japanese
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research,
Band 70, 2000, Heft 6, © Verlag Hans Huber AG, Bern
Summary
Vitamin E content, of cardiac tissue, has been proposed to play a major, role in the damage caused by myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I-R). Previous studies using in vitro models have examined vitamin E deficiency and I-R-induced myocardial damage with equivocal results. The purpose of this study was to use an in vivo model of myocardial I-R to determine the effects of vitamin E deficiency on myocardial I-R-induced damage. Female Sprague-Dawly rats (4-mo old) were assigned to either: 1) control diet (CON), or 2) vitamin E deficient diet (VE-DEF). The CON diet was prepared to meet AIN-93M standards, which contains 75 IU vitamin E/kg diet. The VE-DEF diet was the AIN-93M diet prepared with tocopherol stripped corn oil and no vitamin E. Following a 14-week feeding period, significant differences (p < 0.05) existed in mean myocardial VE levels between groups (mean values ± SEM: CON = 48.2 ± 3.5; VE-DEF = 12.4 ± 1,4 mg VE/g wet weight). Animals from both experimental groups were subjected to an in vivo I-R protocol consisting of 25 minutes of left coronary artery occlusion followed by 10 minutes of reperfusion. No group differences (p > 0.05) existed in cardiac performance (peak arterial pressure or ventricular work) or the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias during the I-R protocol. VE-DEF animals had significantly higher (p < 0.05) levels of myocardial lipid peroxidation and lower (p < 0.05) protein thiols following I-R compared to the CON animals. These data suggest that although vitamin E deficiency increases oxidative damage resulting from myocardial I-R, it does not affect cardiac performance during the insult.
Key words
Vitamin E deficiency, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, free radicals, lipid peroxidation, ventricular arrhythmias, cardiac performance
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research,
Band 70, 2000, Heft 6, © Verlag Hans Huber AG, Bern
Summary
In order to further investigate the radical scavenging and anti-arteriosclerotic activities of vitamin K2 and estradiol, the comparative effects of vitamin K2 and estradiol on aortic calcium (Ca) and inorganic phosphorus (P) levels in the aorta and the elastin fraction (fr.) were investigated in male rats after experimental arteriosclerosis with diabetes mellitus was induced by vitamin D2 and radical producing substance, streptozotocin (STZ). Pharmacological dose of vitarmin K2 (100 mg/kg b.w.) and medical dose of estradiol (83 mg/kg b.w.) suppressed the increased serum glucose, and vitamin K2 and estradiol increased the decrease in serum insulin. Moreover, vitamin K2 and estradiol inhibited the increase of Ca and P in the aorta and the elastin fr. Vitamin K2 and estradiol decreased the increase in serum lipid peroxide (LPO). It is suggested that both the pharmacological dose of vitarnin K2 and medical dose of estradiol suppressed development of arteriosclerosis associated with diabetes mellitus, owing to radical scavenging activity of vitamin K2, and estradiol.
Key words
Vitamin K2, estradiol, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, calcification
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research,
Band 70, 2000, Heft 6, © Verlag Hans Huber AG, Bern
Summary
Effects on b-carotene, retinol and a-tocopherol status of feeding 1st colostrum at 0-2, 6-7, 12-13 and 24-25 h after birth were studied in calves. b-carotene, retinol and a-tocopherol concentrations decreased in colostrum during the first 2.5 d of laxtation. Plasma b-carotene, retinol and a-tocopherol concentrations in newborn calves were very low. Plasma b-carotene concentrations increased up to d 3 after the 1st meal and during the 1st month were higher in calves fed 1st colostrum at < 6-7 h than at > 12-13 h after birth. Plasma retinol concentrations increased up to d 5 after the 1st meal and were higher during the 1st month in calves fed 1st colostrum at < 12-13 h than at > 24-25 h after birth, whereas hepatic concentrations increased up to d 5 independent of time of 1st colostrum feeding. Plasma a-tocopherol concentrations increased after the 1st meal except in calves fed 1st colostrum at 24-25 h after birth and were higher during the 1st month in calves fed the 1st colostrum at 6-7 h than at 24-25 h after birth. In conclusion, delaying 1st colostrum intake by more than 12-13 h after birth impaired the plasma b-carotene, retinol and a-tocopherol status during the 1st month of life, but did not negatively influence hepatic retinol concentrations.
Key words
b-Carotene, vitamin A, vitamin E, colostrum, milk, liver, calf, neonates
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research,
Band 70, 2000, Heft 6, © Verlag Hans Huber AG, Bern
Summary
The bioavailability of thiamin mononitrate, thiamin chloride-hydrochloride and benfotiamin was compared in broiler chickens. A thiamin-deficient diet was supplemented with either 1.8 and 1.5 mg/kg thiamin equivalent as water-soluble salts, or with 1.5 and 1.2 mg/kg thiamin equivalent as benfotiamin, respectively, and fed to 3 replicate groups/treatment for 21 days. Weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion rate were not significantly affected by solubility or dietary level of thiamin. Likewise, using biochemical indices of thiamin status (erythrocyte transketolase activation coefficient, and thiamin concentrations in blood and liver), no differences were found between the water-soluble thiamin salts, indicating that they have identical potency. In contrast, biochemical indices of thiamin status showed a significantly higher bioavailability for benfotiamin than for the water-soluble sources.
Key words
Bioavailability, thiamin mononitrate, thiamin hydrochloride, benfotiamin, broiler chickens, erythrocyte transketolase
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research,
Band 70, 2000, Heft 6, © Verlag Hans Huber AG, Bern
Summary
Since thiamin plays a role in glucose metabolism we wanted
to know if blood thiamin influx from gravida to neonate was influenced
by treatment of gravidas, having gestational diabetes mellitus
(GDM).
In this study we found thiamin hypovitaminemia in 19%, of the
77 pregnancies despite vitamin supplementation and treatment for
GDM; neonates born to mothers with hypovitaminemia were also thiamin
hypovitaminemic. All neonatal blood had significantly higher thiamin
concentration than gravidas. Indeed, cord blood from neonates
born to mothers treated with insulin for GDM had significantly
higher thiamin concentration than other neonates in the study.
A significant weight depression was noted in neonates born to
treated GDM mothers. Healthy gravidas giving birth to macrosomia
neonates, had significant thiamin hypovitaminosis, but only macrosomic
neonates of treated diabetic mothers had significantly depressed
blood thiamin concentrations.
We noted that subclinical thiamin hypovitaminemia is prominent
during pregnancy despite vitamin supplementation. Perhaps increased
thiamin supplementation during pregnancy seems warranted to avoid
metabolic stress in mother and fetus due to thiamin hypovitaminemia.
Key words
Thiamin, gestational diabetes mellitus, macrosomia
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research,
Band 70, 2000, Heft 6, © Verlag Hans Huber AG, Bern
Summary
Supplementation or deficiency of nicotinamide in rats may interfere
with the oxidative balance, with excess leading to greater lipid
peroxidation, measured by TBARS, and deficiency causing a greater
consumption of antioxidants such as vitamin E and glutathione.
Urinary N-methylnicotinamide excretion was much more marked in
the supplemented group, whereas the difference between dficient
and control animals was non-significant.
Key words
Nicotinamide, lipid peroxidation, glutathione, vitamin E, rats
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research,
Band 70, 2000, Heft 6, © Verlag Hans Huber AG, Bern