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| Ibrahim Elmadfa, Dorota Majchrzak, Petra Rust
and Dieter Genser The Thiamine Status of Adult Humans Depends on Carbohydrate Intake |
Zusammenfassung Summary |
| Christine Pereira, Duo Li and Andrew J. Sinclair The a-linolenic Acid Content of Green Vegetables Commonly Available in Australia |
Zusammenfassung Summary |
| Maria Cabré, Jordi Camps, Natàlia
Ferré, José Luis Paternáin and Jorge Joven The Antioxidant and Hepato-Protective Effects of Zinc are Related to Hepatic Cytochrome P450 Depression and Metallothionein Induction in Rats with Experimental Cirrhosis |
Zusammenfassung Summary |
| Véronique Chajès,
Solve Elmståhl, Carmen Martinez-Garcia, Anne Linda Van
Kappel, Franca Bianchini, Rudolf Kaaks and Elio Riboli Comparison of Fatty Acid Profile in Plasma Phospholipids in Women from Granada (southern Spain) and Malmö (southern Sweden) |
Zusammenfassung Summary |
| Raquel González, Fermín Sánchez
de Medina, Julio Gálvez, María Elena Rodríguez-Cabezas,
Juan Duarte and Antonio Zarzuelo Dietary Vitamin E Supplementation Protects the Rat Large Intestine from Experimental Inflammation |
Zusammenfassung Summary |
| Chao Xu, Theo Wensing1 and Anton C. Beynen Apparent Fat Digestibility in Rats Fed Different Diets is Negatively Correlated with Faecal Bile Acid Excretion |
Zusammenfassung Summary |
| Eveline A. Groeneveld, Henk J. Kappert, Jan
Van der Kuilen and Anton C. Beynen Consumption of Fructooligosaccharides and Nitrogen Excretion in Cats |
Zusammenfassung Summary |
Zusammenfassungen / Summaries
Summary
Thiamine requirements for humans are generally expressed as
absolute values per day (mg/d) or in relation to total caloric
intake. Limited data are available on the relation between thiamine
requirements and the intake of carbohydrates. This study was performed
to investigate the influence of stepwise increases of carbohydrate
intake on the status of thiamine in healthy volunteers under isocaloric
conditions.
During an adaptation phase of four days, the carbohydrate intake
of twelve healthy volunteers (6 male, 6 female) was 55% of total
energy intake. During the subsequent intervention periods, carbohydrate
intake was increased to 65% of total energy for four days and
to 75% for another four days. Thiamine intake, total energy intake,
and physical activity were kept constant throughout the study.
HPLC analysis was used to measure thiamine in plasma, urine and
feces. Erythrocyte transketolase activity (ETK) was determined
enzymatically.
During the intervention periods thiamine decreased significantly
(p < 0.05) in plasma (from 19.3 ± 3.3 to 16.4 ±
4.0 nmol/l) as well as in urine (from 72 ± 56 to 58 ±
21 µmol/mol creatinine). ETK and feces content of thiamine
remained unchanged.
An increase of dietary carbohydrate intake from 55% to 65% and
75%, respectively, of total caloric intake for four days per period
at isocaloric conditions causes a decrease of plasma and urine
levels of thiamine without affecting enzyme activities.
Key words
Thiamine status, plasma-, erythrocyte-, urine-, feces level, carbohydrate-rich diet, human subject
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research,
Band 71, 2001, Heft 4, © Verlag Hans Huber AG, Bern
Summary
Green vegetable consumption has long been considered to have health benefits mainly due to the vitamins, minerals and phytonutrients (such as vitamin C, folate, antioxidants etc) contained in a vegetable-rich diet. Additionally, green vegetables are known to contain a relatively high proportion of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), primarily in the form of a-linolenic acid (18:3n-3). However, there are no data available on the fatty acid composition and concentration of green vegetables commonly consumed in Australia. The present study determined the fatty acid content of 11 green vegetables that are commonly available in Australia. The total fatty acid concentrations of the vegetables under study ranged from 44 mg/100 g wet weight in Chinese cabbage to 372 mg/100 g in watercress. There were three PUFAs in all vegetables analyzed; these were 16:3n-3, 18:2n-6, and 18:3n-3 fatty acids. Sample vegetables contained significant quantities of 16:3n-3 and 18:3n-3, ranging from 23 to 225 mg/100g. Watercress and mint contained the highest amounts of 16:3n-3 and 18:3n-3, and parsley had the highest amount of 18:2n-6 in both percentage composition and concentration. Mint had the highest concentration of 18:3n-3 with a value of 195 mg/100 g, while watercress contained the highest concentration of 16:3n-3 at 45 mg/100 g. All 11 green vegetables contained a high proportion of PUFAs, ranging from 59 to 72% of total fatty acids. The omega-3 PUFA composition ranged from 40 to 62% of total fatty acids. Monounsaturated fatty acid composition was less than 6% of total fatty acids. The proportion of saturated fatty acids ranged from 21% in watercress and mint to 32% of total fatty acids in Brussels sprouts. No eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were detected in any of the samples. Consumption of green vegetables could contribute to 18:3n-3 PUFA intake, especially for vegetarian populations.
Key words
fresh green vegetables, fatty acid, a-linolenic acid, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research,
Band 71, 2001, Heft 4, © Verlag Hans Huber AG, Bern
Summary
The aim of the present study was to investigate the time-course of changes in hepatic lipid peroxidation, cytochrome P450 and metallothionein concentrations, and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in relation to the onset and development of cirrhosis in CCl4-treated rats. Further, the effects of oral zinc administration on these parameters were assessed. Cirrhosis was induced in 120 rats by intraperitoneal injections of CCl4 twice weekly over 9 weeks. Controls were 120 additional animals. Both groups were further subdivided to receive either a standard diet or one supplemented with zinc. Subsets of 10 animals each were euthanized at weeks 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9 from the start of the study. Results indicated that zinc administration delayed the cirrhotic process and the increase in lipid peroxidation. These changes, consistently maintained during the first 5 weeks of the study, were associated with a significant decrease in the hepatic concentration of cytochrome P450 and an increase in the hepatic concentration of metallothioneins. Zinc supplementation did not produce any significant change in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. These results suggest that cytochrome P450 and metallothioneins may play an important role in the hepato-protective effects of zinc against lipid peroxidation in experimental cirrhosis.
Key words
Cirrhosis, cytochrome P450, lipid peroxidation, metallothioneins, zinc
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research,
Band 71, 2001, Heft 4, © Verlag Hans Huber AG, Bern
Summary
We conducted a first pilot study on healthy women living in
two countries with different dietary habits, Granada in the south
of Spain and Malmö in the south of Sweden, in order to compare
their levels of plasma phospholipid fatty acids, and to examine
the relationship between the differences in food consumption.
This study is part of a pilot study which is nested in the European
Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, a multi-centre
prospective cohort study on diet, plasma concentrations of antioxidants
and fatty acids, and markers of oxidative stress.
Thirty-nine women in Granada and thirty-eight women in Malmö,
aged 4550 years (all pre-menopausal) were selected among
the female participants in the cohorts from these two countries.
Individual measurements of the women's habitual diet were obtained
by a food frequency questionnaire. 24-hour diet recalls were used
for the standardised measurement of diet at group level. Plasma
phospholipid fatty acid composition was determined by capillary
gas chromatography.
We found a different fatty acid profile in plasma between the
two populations, with higher mean levels of palmitic acid (16:0),
palmitoleic acid (16:1) (n-7), oleic acid (18:1), alpha-linolenic
acid (18:3) (n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5) (n-3), and
lower mean levels of stearic acid (18:0) in Malmö compared
to Granada. Women in Malmö consumed more meat, alcoholic
beverages and sugar, and less fish and shellfish than women in
Granada.
We conclude that the fatty acid composition in plasma phospholipids
is different between women from the two European centres. For
polyunsaturated fatty acids, differences were observed for (n-3)
fatty acids. In relation to these differences, we observed that
specific food intakes, particularly meat and fish, varied between
the two centres.
Key words
Fatty acids, phospholipids, plasma, diet
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research,
Band 71, 2001, Heft 4, © Verlag Hans Huber AG, Bern
Summary
Vitamin E, the most potent antioxidant in the lipid phase,
was tested for antiinflammatory activity in trinitrobenzenesulfonic
acid-induced rat colitis. Rats were fed a nonpurified diet (saline
and control groups) or a vitamin E supplemented diet (treated
group, 300 mg/kg nonpurified diet). Vitamin E supplementation,
which resulted in increased colonic vitamin E levels, reduced
colonic weight and damage score, prevented lipid peroxidation
and diarrhea, reduced interleukin-1b levels and preserved glutathione
reductase activity and total glutathione levels. However, it did
not modify myeloperoxidase levels, which are indicative of neutrophil
infiltration in the inflamed colon. Vitamin E protects the rat
colon from oxidative stress associated with inflammation.
Key words
Vitamin E, trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, rat colitis, colonic
oxidative stress
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research,
Band 71, 2001, Heft 4, © Verlag Hans Huber AG, Bern
Summary
Seventy two rats were fed one out of 9 diets differing as to protein source and calcium concentration. For the individual rats apparent fat digestibility and faecal bile acid excretion were negatively correlated. It is suggested that a high solubility of bile acids in the small intestinal digesta, which is associated with little loss of bile acids with faeces, stimulates the process of fat digestion.
Key words
Rats, bile acids, fat absorption
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research,
Band 71, 2001, Heft 4, © Verlag Hans Huber AG, Bern
Summary
In a cross-over study with adult cats the effect on nitrogen (N) excretion of a diet supplemented with fructooligosaccharides (FOS) was compared with a diet supplemented with an equal amount of fructose and glucose. FOS raised N excretion with faeces by 26% (P < 0.05) and non-significantly lowered N excretion with urine by 5%. Thus, there was a shift in N excretion from urine to faeces. The amount of faecal dry matter was significantly higher (by 23.3%) when FOS was consumed.
Key words
Cats, nitrogen excretion, fructooligosaccharides
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research,
Band 71, 2001, Heft 4, © Verlag Hans Huber AG, Bern