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| Lluís Serra-Majem, Lourdes Ribas, Joy
Ngo, Javier Aranceta, Marta Garaulet, Emilia Carazo, José Mataix, Carmen Pérez-Rodrigo, Miren Quemada, Rafael Tojo and Clotilde Vázquez Risk of Inadequate Intakes of Vitamins A, B1, B6, C, E, Folate, Iron and Calcium in the Spanish Population Aged 4 to 18 |
Zusammenfassung Summary |
| Silvano Garibaldi, Sabina Valentini, Irene
Aragno, Maria Adelaide Pronzato, Nicola Traverso, Patrizio Odetti Plasma Protein Oxidation and Antioxidant Defense During Aging |
Zusammenfassung Summary |
| Yi-Fa Lu and Chia-Feng Chiang Effect of Dietary Cholesterol and Fat Levels on Lipid Peroxidation and the Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes in Rats |
Zusammenfassung Summary |
| Ram Reifen, Talia Nur, Zippora Matas and Zamir
Halpern Lycopene Supplementation Attenuates the Inflammatory Status of Colitis in a Rat Model |
Zusammenfassung Summary |
| R. W. Rosebrough Dietary Adrenergic Active Compounds and The Response of Broilers to Isoproterenol and Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate in Vitro |
Zusammenfassung Summary |
| Wolfgang Sichert-Hellert and Mathilde Kersting Significance of Fortified Beverages in the Long-term Diet of German Children and Adolescents: 15-Year Results of the DONALD Study |
Zusammenfassung Summary |
Zusammenfassungen / Summaries
Summary
A meta-analysis of the most representative Spanish nutrition studies was carried out to identify inadequate intakes of vitamins A, B1, B6, C, E, folate, iron, and calcium in children aged 4 to 18. Information on vegetable, fruit and fruit juice/beverage intake was also solicited. Data drawn from the selected studies yielded a total of 6540 children and adolescents in eight geographical areas. The sample was stratified by age (children: 4 to 14 years old and adolescents: 1318 years old) and sex. Inadequate intakes (below two-thirds of the recommended values) were notable in children for vitamin E, vitamin C, and vitamin A and in girls, iron. In adolescents, low intakes were especially marked for vitamin E and vitamin A, and in girls, calcium, folate, and iron. Adolescents consumed more vegetables, fruit juice, and fruit drinks whereas children had higher fruit intakes. Regional differences in consumption were also detected. Strategies for improving nutrient intake in these vulnerable populations are discussed.
Key words
Inadequate intake, vitamins, minerals, children, adolescents, Spain, meta-analysisA
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research,
Band 71, 2001, Heft 6, © Verlag Hans Huber AG, Bern
Summary
Background: Oxidative stress is an important process that occurs
in vivo during aging and is considered one of the main causes
of molecular damage to cellular and tissue structures. These changes
can accumulate in biological structures during aging.
Objective: The aim of this work is to evaluate plasma protein
oxidative damage, measured as carbonyl groups content, and the
concentration of some antioxidant molecules (vitamins and carotenoids)
in 122 healthy volunteers (50 males and 72 females), 25 to 89
years old.
Results: Total plasma proteins slightly decreased with age, but
the level of carbonyl groups was similar in the adult (< 65
years) and in the old, and was similar in both sexes. Plasma concentration
of antioxidant molecules such as a-tocopherol, b-carotene and
other carotenoids, increased with age and correlated with the
level of lipoproteins; plasma total cholesterol and triglycerides
were significantly correlated with age as well.
Conclusions: The surprisingly normal level of plasma protein carbonyl
groups in our older subjects suggests two possibilities: a) the
older people in our study are healthy and free from pathologies
because of better protection against oxidative injury during their
lifetimes, i.e., they maintained low-level oxidative damage on
plasma proteins; or b) the level of carbonyl groups is normal
because of the high turnover in plasma: the oxidized circulating
proteins are preferentially and quickly removed; in this case
oxidative damage is not discernible in plasma proteins but may
proceed silently in other tissues.
Key words
Aging, oxidative stress, antioxidant defense, carbonyl groups, tocopherols, carotenoids
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research,
Band 71, 2001, Heft 6, © Verlag Hans Huber AG, Bern
Summary
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary fat levels, with or without cholesterol, on lipid peroxidation and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in rats. Thirty-two Wistar rats aged 4 weeks were divided into 4 groups and fed high (20%; HF) or low (5%; LF) fat, with or without l% cholesterol, for 6 weeks. Cholesterol feeding resulted in significantly higher concentrations of serum cholesterol, but lowered serum triacylglycerol levels. Cholesterol feeding also led to markedly decreased levels of hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and lower activities of hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) when compared with cholesterol-free counterparts in both HF and LF diets. On the other hand, rats fed high-fat diets showed increased serum and liver TBARS, but decreased hepatic GSH-Px, SOD, and G6PDH activities. Hepatic catalase activity was lower in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets, but higher in rats fed high-fat diets, and interaction existed between cholesterol and fat feeding. These results suggested that dietary cholesterol might delay lipid peroxidation and decrease the activities of the hepatic antioxidant enzymes. The degree of lipid peroxidation was also influenced by dietary fat levels.
Key words
Fat levels, dietary cholesterol, antioxidant enzymes, TBARS, serum lipids, and liver lipids
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research,
Band 71, 2001, Heft 6, © Verlag Hans Huber AG, Bern
Summary
The aim of this study was to examine the influence of lycopene and b-carotene on the inflammatory status in a rat model of induced-colitis. Using the 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) model, colitis was induced in thirty-two male Wistar rats divided into four groups. Each group received a different diet regime in parallel with the induction of colitis and was sacrificed after seven days. The groups were divided as follows: Group A: without colitis and fed a normal chow diet; Group B: induced with colitis and fed a diet supplemented with lycopene (300 mg/rat/day); Group C: induced with colitis and fed a diet supplemented with b-carotene (300 mg/rat/day); Group D: induced with colitis and fed a normal chow diet. Colonic inflammation following TNBS induction was characterized by hemorrhagic necrosis and fibrosis of the mucosa, increased colonic wall thickness, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and increased myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Supplementation of lycopene in the diet had a beneficial effect on the various macroscopic parameters examined including: colonic thickness, colon weight, and total area of inflammation. Furthermore, the level of myeloperoxidase (MPO) was significantly lower in the lycopene-treated group compared to the control group. In terms of microscopic changes, a more attenuated inflammatory reaction was observed in the group fed a diet supplemented with lycopene. No significant effect was noted in the b-carotene-supplemented group. Therefore, we propose that the dietary supplementation of lycopene may be an effective approach for reducing the level of oxidative stress and improving the inflammatory status of colitis.
Key words
Lycopene, b-carotene, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), oxidative
stress
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research,
Band 71, 2001, Heft 6, © Verlag Hans Huber AG, Bern
Summary
Broiler chickens, growing from 728 days of age, were fed
diets containing 18% protein and 0, 1, 10 or 100 mg/kg yohimbine
(a2-adrenergic antagonist) or metaproterenol (b-adrenergic agonist)
to determine the role of adrenergic agents in the regulation of
feeding behavior and metabolism. Data from this experiment suggest
that b-adrenergic agonists have slight effects on feed intake,
growth and more pronounced effects on metabolism in the broiler
chicken. In vitro lipogenesis (IVL) was determined by incubating
liver explants for 2 h at 37°C in the presence of cAMP or
isoproterenol (ISO) and [2-14C]acetate and by measuring acetate
incorporation into total hepatic lipid. Metaproterenol and yohimbine
(100 mg/kg) depressed growth from 7 to 28 days. Both metaproterenol
and yohimbine (100 mg/kg) decreased (P < 0.05) IVL compared
to controls. These dietary additions also decreased (P < 0.05)
hepatic malic enzyme activity without affecting the activities
of either isocitrate dehydrogenase or aspartate aminotransferase.
Key words
Chickens, lipogenesis, catecholamines
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research,
Band 71, 2001, Heft 6, © Verlag Hans Huber AG, Bern
Summary
Fortified beverages and instant drinks are the most frequently consumed fortified products in children and adolescents in Germany. However, little is known about the contribution of these products to micronutrient intake. Between 1986 and 2000, consumption of fortified food (total and the subgroup of fortified beverages) and time trends in energy and micronutrient intake were assessed on the basis of 3 day-weighed dietary records (n = 4358) of males and females between the ages of 2 and 14 years (n = 398/408) enrolled in the DONALD Study (Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study). As percentage of recent references for micronutrient intake, a significant increase in intake from fortified beverages was observed for calcium (from 1 to 3%), iron (3 to 4%), vitamin A (5 to 15%), and vitamin C (5 to 60%). Significant increases in intakes were only observed from 19951997 for vitamin E, folate, and niacin (all 5 to 1525%), vitamin B1 and B2 (both 1015 to 2530%) and vitamin B6 (20 to 55%). Thereafter significant decreases were found. Among the fortified beverages, juice was the most important for micronutrient intake, followed by soft drinks (calcium, vitamin A, E, C, folate, niacin) or by instant beverages (energy, iron, vitamin B1, B2, B6). Significant linear and nonlinear time trends in micronutrient intakes from fortified food and fortified beverages were observed in German children and adolescents.
Key words
Fortified food, fortified beverages, children, adolescents, vitamin intake, mineral intake, dietary records
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research,
Band 71, 2001, Heft 6, © Verlag Hans Huber AG, Bern