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Summary
The "SUpplementation en VItamines et Minéraux AntioXydants"
(SU.VI.MAX) study is a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled,
primary prevention trial designed to test the efficacy of daily
supplementation with antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C, 120 mg; vitamin
E, 30 mg; and beta-carotene, 6 mg) and minerals (selenium, 100 mg;
and zinc, 20 mg), at nutritional doses (one to three times the daily
recommended dietary allowances), in reducing the frequency of major
health problems in industrialized countries, and especially the main
causes of premature death (cancers and cardiovascular diseases). The
study involves 12,735 eligible subjects (women aged 35 to 60 years;
men aged 45 to 60 years) included in 1994 in France. They will be
followed up for 8 years.
The objectives and the specific design of this intervention study are
linked to its public health aim. The targeted population is the
general population (not simply high-risk subjects) and the
antioxidant agents tested are being administered at a level which is
not pharmacologic and which may be attained by dietary intake of
natural sources of these micronutrients and/or enriched foods. The
amounts we are testing in the SU.VI.MAX study are those which, in
observational studies have been associated with the lowest risk of
diseases.
This report presents the rationale and discusses the justification of
the design, doses and combination of antioxidant micronutrients
chosen in the SU.VI.MAX study.
Keywords
Cancer, Cardiovascular Diseases, Prevention, Trial, Antioxidants, Beta-carotene, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, Zinc
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, Band 68, 1998, Heft 1, © Verlag Hans Huber, Bern
Summary
The vitamin A and E status was evaluated in 279 volunteer
subjects, 3 to 75 years old (131 males and 148 females) from 8
villages in the north of Cameroon by fluorimetric methods.
The results obtained showed that: the mean serum vitamin A level was
16.6±0.7 mg% (ranging from 2.1 to 69.3 mg%) and vitamin E,
499.9±19.3 mg% (ranging from 222.7 to 1893.1 mg%); the
percentage deficiency of vitamin A among the subjects was 71.7% and
that of vitamin E was 66% (vitamin A levels <20 mg/100 ml, vitamin
E levels < 500 mg/100 ml); children of ages ranging from 3 to 15
years, constituted about 50% of the subjects and were significantly
deficient in vitamin A (P < 0.001). Significant correlation was
observed between the serum levels of vitamin A and E (P <
0.001).
The results from this study revealed that vitamin A and E
deficiencies vary from one village to another and constitute one of
the major public health problems in the area.
Keywords
Vitamin A, Vitamin E, b-Carotene, Serum
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, Band 68, 1998, Heft 1, © Verlag Hans Huber, Bern
Summary
The aim of the study was to examine the determinants of blood
antioxidant indicators on a large sample.
Levels of plasma selenium and carotenoids, vitamin E in red blood
cells, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were
determined. The cross-sectional relationships between these markers
and demographic and cardiovascular risk factors were examined in
participants of the EVA study, a cohort of 1389 men and women, aged
59 - 71 years. Multivariable regression models including demographic
(age, sex, socio-economic level), lifestyle (alcohol, tobacco),
clinical and metabolic (lipids, glycemia) factors were used.
Women had higher levels of plasma carotenoids, TBARS and red blood
cell vitamin E. Cholesterol levels were positively associated to
lipid-soluble vitamins, selenium and TBARS. Use of lipid-lowering
drugs was positively associated with selenium and vitamin E and
negatively with carotenoids. Body mass index was the strongest
determinant of plasma carotenoids. Education and income levels were
positively associated with selenium and total carotenoids. Tobacco
consumption was negatively associated with red blood cell vitamin E,
whereas alcohol consumption was positively associated with TBARS.
This study emphasizes the respective place of the various
determinants of antioxidant status. When considering tissue
antioxidant indicators, analyses should take into account not only
the metabolic parameters but also socio-economic factors and the
subject's life style.
Keywords
Antioxidan, Lipid peroxidation, Vitamin, Selenium, Lifestyle, Epidemiology
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, Band 68, 1998, Heft 1, © Verlag Hans Huber, Bern
Summary
Objective: To assess markers of bone metabolism in two groups of
inpatients with hypovitaminosis D and elevated PTH levels receiving
two different vitamin D medications.
Methods: 26 patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (2OHP) were
treated either with 800 IU cholecalciferol and 1000 mg calcium or 0.5
mg calcitriol plus 500 mg calcium daily for 6 months. 25-OH-vitamin
D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, intact PTH, calcium and urinary
N-telopeptides of bone collagen I were mea-sured at baseline, 3 and 6
months.
Results: PTH levels decreased earlier in the calcitriol group than in
the cholecalciferol group. After six month no difference could be
documented. Lowering of urinary N-telopeptides excretion was observed
in both groups.
Conclusion: The use of both forms of vitamin D supplementation
appears to be useful for patients with hypovitaminosis D, elevated
PTH levels and high telopeptide excretion.
Keywords
I, Secondary hyperparathyreoidism, Vitamin D metabolites, Elderly people, Bone resorption markers, Hypovitaminosis D
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, Band 68, 1998, Heft 1, © Verlag Hans Huber, Bern
Summary
Groups of young male adult guinea pigs were fed a diet devoid in supplemental ascorbic acid (AA) or the same diet supplemented with 0.1 or 2.5% AA for four weeks. The animals were then euthanized and Phase I and Phase II drug metabolizing components in the liver were determined. Phase I components are those related to the metabolism of xenobiotics and include microsomal cytochrome P-450 and mixed function oxygenase activities. Phase II components are those related to conjugation and detoxification reactions of xenobiotics and their metabolites and include glutathione-S-transferases (GST), glutathione (GSH), UDP-glucuronyl transferase (UDP-GT) and DT-diaphorase (quinone reductase, QR). Tissue levels of AA increased progressively with increase in AA intake. The Phase I components increased in response to increased intake of AA from 0 to 0.1%, but were unaffected by further increase in AA intake to 2.5%. However, the Phase II components increased with increased intake of AA except for GST. In vitro metabolism of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) using liver microsomes showed tendency towards increased production of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) with increase in AA intake. The production of aflatoxin P1 (AFP1) was not affected by AA intake. AFB1-DNA production was increased when AA intake was increased to 0.1%. It was however lowered with further increase in AA intake to 2.5%.
Keywords
Ascorbic acid, Phase I and II drug metabolizing enzymes, Guinea pig, Liver
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, Band 68, 1998, Heft 1, © Verlag Hans Huber, Bern
Summary
Pigs with hereditary ascorbate deficiency (OD pigs) were depleted
of, or supplemented with, ascorbic acid by respective diets.
Depletion of young (i.e. 5 - 7 weeks old) animals for at least three
weeks had a negative effect on growth, body temperature and levels of
bone alkaline phosphatase and induced symptoms of scurvy. Doses of 5
mg ascorbic acid kg - 1 body weight day - 1 were sufficient to
reverse these effects. The level of ascorbic acid sharply decreased
in plasma within one week of depletion, whereas in leukocytes it
declined more slowly and to a lower extent. Bone alkaline phosphatase
levels substantially declined in ascorbic acid depleted animals.
Supplementation with > 100 mg ascorbic acid kg - 1 body weight day
- 1 did not improve growth. Dietary ascorbic acid was absorbed from
the intestinal lumen into the blood within less than 1 hour and
reached a peak 5 - 6 hours after the meal. The extent of this
absorption depended on the systemic ascorbic acid level. Ascorbic
acid influenced leukocyte function, since the production of reactive
oxygen intermediates by polymorphonuclear leukocytes decreased in
supplemented animals.
Thus, this animal model permits to establish the level of dietary
ascorbic acid that is critical for growth of pigs as well as to study
its absorption into the blood and the associated alterations in
polymorphonuclear leukocytes and bone metabolism.
Keywords
Swine, Ascorbic acid, Growth, Alkaline phosphatas, Polymorphonuclear cells, Reactive oxygen intermediates
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, Band 68, 1998, Heft 1, © Verlag Hans Huber, Bern
Summary
The presence of a folate binding protein in fluid of benign cysts of human liver and mammary gland was demonstrated. Radio-ligand binding was of a high-affinity type (Kp1010M - 1). The gel filtration profile of cystic fluid contained two peaks of radiolabelled folate, a large one of 25 kDa and a small one of 100 kDa. The concentration of radioligand bound protein in samples of cystic fluid ranged from nil to 6 nM. In most cases the protein immunoreacted with antibodies against human milk folate binding protein. The data suggest that fluid of human liver and mammary gland cysts contains a folate binding protein which appears to be homologous to human milk folate binding protein.
Keywords
Folate binding, Protein, Benign cysts, Liver, Breast
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, Band 68, 1998, Heft 1, © Verlag Hans Huber, Bern
Summary
We have previously reported the distribution and the forms of
fluorides in the blood of men. This study is concerned with the
distribution of fluorides in the blood of young women and sex-related
differences in the fluoride metabolism related to the calcium
metabolism keeping the postmenopausal osteoporosis in mind.
The present study shows that women, aged 18 to 20 years, retain more
fluorides in blood compared with men and that the nonionic fluoride
level in blood varies during a menstrual cycle, whereas the ionic
fluoride level is constant. Since fluoride has strong affinity for
calcium, behavior of fluoride may reflect that of calcium balance
during the menstrual cycle. However, fluoride which binds to calcium
is believed to be ionic. Therefore, there must be a transformation
between ionic fluoride and nonionic fluoride in order to keep the
homeostasis.
Keywords
Ionic fluoride, Nonionic fluoride, Calcium, Blood, Serum, Menstrual cycle
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, Band 68, 1998, Heft 1, © Verlag Hans Huber, Bern
Summary
Two experiments were conducted with cross-bred barrows to determine the effect of somatotropin administration on liver enzyme activities. In the first experiment, pigs growing from 26 to 55 kg body weight were given two doses of pituitary porcine somatotropin (pST; 0 and 100 mg per kg body weight) and three levels of dietary energy (60, 80 and 100% of free choice intake). In the second experiment, pigs growing from 30 to 60 kg body weight were given two doses of recombinant porcine somatotropin (rpST; 0 and 100 mg per kg body weight) and five levels of dietary crude protein (110, 150, 190, 230 and 270 g crude protein/kg diet). Liver arginase (ARG, EC 3.5.3.1) and aspartate aminotransferase (AAT, EC 2.6.1.1) activities were then determined in organ samples taken at slaughter time. Dietary energy did not change liver ARG. Activities of both ARG and AAT increased as dietary crude protein increased. Both pST and rpST decreased ARG, AAT and serum utrea nitrogen. There was a lack of interaction between rpST therapy and dietary protein on either ARG or AAT activities, suggesting that set nutritional states are not required for expression of pST effects.
Keywords
Pigs, Diet Protein, Enzymes
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, Band 68, 1998, Heft 1, © Verlag Hans Huber, Bern
Summary
The influences of soy protein on the morphology of ileum and on the ultrastructure of liver were studied. Adult male mice of the Crj: CD-1 (ICR) strain were fed a semisynthetic diet containing casein or soy protein for three weeks. Villus heights in ileum from the mice fed soy protein diet were significantly greater than those fed casein diet. There were evident ultrastructural differences in the liver cells between the mice fed the two diets. Many lipid droplets from the mice fed the casein diet were larger than those fed the soy protein diet. The maximum diameter of lipid droplet per liver cell in the soy protein diet group was smaller than that in the casein diet group (p < 0.01). These results suggest that soy protein and casein affect the ultrastructure of liver and the morphology of ileum in different ways.
Keywords
Mouse, Soy protein, Casein, Liver cells, Ileum, Ultrastructure, Morphology
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, Band 68, 1998, Heft 1, © Verlag Hans Huber, Bern